China’s primary health care system is the key to guaranteeing and implementing the “full coverage, basic protection” social medical policy. This study uses the DEA model and the entropy-weight TOPSIS method to estimate the efficiency of China’s primary medical and health institutions in 2018. The results found that in 2018, the overall mean score of the efficiency of primary medical and health institutions was low, and the inter-provincial differences were large. As for the policy implication behind this paper, responsible government departments in China should fully distribute health resources rationally and improve the primary medical and health service system.